Summary

In the finite element method, the presence of flat or elongated elements (Fig. 1) in the mesh generally deteriorates the matrix properties and slows down the convergence of the ICCG method, etc. In EMSolution, when the elements are extremely flat, they can be replaced by GAP elements, which are two-dimensional elements. However, there are many cases in which you may want to use three-dimensional elements. For example, when analyzing the motion of a plunger, the gap may be extremely small, but the GAP element is not supported in a coupled motion analysis. Also, when a two-dimensional mesh is stacked to form a three-dimensional mesh, very flat elements are often created in the air region.

Fig.1 Elongated element and flat elements (b/a: aspect ratio)

Therefore, EMSolution has introduced a method to improve convergence in the case of very flat or elongated elements. Here, we will introduce the effect of this method through example analyses.

そこで、EMSolutionにおきましては、このように非常に偏平あるいは偏長な要素が含まれる場合の収束性を改善する方法を導入しました。ここでは、解析例を通じてその効果を紹介します。

Explanation

First, we show an example of "analysis using gap elements". Fig. 3 shows the convergence of the ICCG method with respect to the gap spacing. Using this improved method, the convergence frequency does not increase even when the gap spacing is set to 1 $\mu m$ using 3D elements, showing very good convergence characteristics.

Fig.2 Air gap model in magnetic circuit

Fig.3 Necessary iteration numbers for convergence of ICCG method as a function of gap interval

Next, we show the analysis of the Box Shield model (Fig. 4) used for verification at the IEEJ. A 0.2 $m$ square rectangular shield (0.01 $mm$ thick) is subjected to a magnetic field by the upper and lower coils. It is divided into 10 layers in the thickness direction. The mesh is an orthogonal grid created by stacking two-dimensional meshes in three dimensions and contains very flat and elongated elements. Some elements, especially in the outer air region, have aspect ratios reaching 20,000. A nonlinear static magnetic field analysis is performed and the magnetic field in the iron material (SS400) reaches a saturation magnetic field. Fig. 5 shows the convergence process, and Table 1 shows the number of elements and other analysis parameters and calculation time. The number of iterations of the Newton-Raphson method is not so different from the conventional method without this improvement, but the number of iterations of the ICCG method is about 1/24, which is very small. As a result, the ICCG method can solve a problem more than 9 times faster, taking less than 4 minutes instead of the 34 minutes required by the conventional method. Note that the number of unknowns and the number of matrix nonzero elements are slightly higher with this improved method, and the memory used increases.

Fig.4 Box Shield model used for verification at IEEJ

Fig.5 Convergence of ICCG method and Newton-Raphson method

Table 1. Analysis Parameters and Computation Time

From the above, we believe we have demonstrated the usefulness of this improvement method. This improvement method seems to be particularly effective for flat and elongated elements in air. It can be applied to hexahedral and triangular prismatic elements. Of course, there is no difference in the calculation results with and without this function. This function has been available since EMSolution ver 10.1.1.

How to use

Mesh division should be done by 3D elements (hexahedron, triangular prism) for the area to be applied. By setting the region property number and aspect ratio in the input file, it will be applied to elements whose aspect ratio is greater than the set value. If the Deform function is used, as in the first example, it is determined by the position defined in the pre_geom. Note that changes in aspect ratio due to deformation are not taken into account. Whether or not this function is actually applied can be judged by whether or not the number of unknowns output in the output file has increased compared to the case where this function is not applied.

In the input file, add the following data. First, set THIN_ELM=1 in the Handbook "4. Order of Shape Functions".

* NODE_ORDER * EDGE_ORDER * METRIC_MOD * QUAD_TRI * CALC_IND * THIN_ELEM * 1 1 0 0 0 1

Next enter the aspect ratio and the property number to be applied (Handbook "16. Element Properties”). In the example below, the aspect ratio (THIN_CRITERION) is applied to elements with an aspect ratio (THIN_CRITERION) of 4 or higher for elements with property number 5 (gap region in this example).

* THIN_CRITERION * NO_MAT_IDS * 4 1 *MAT_IDS * 5

Download

Air gap model in magnetic circuit　　Sample data DL
・ input.txt
・ pre_geom.neu